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Deck cargo handling technics - general cargo ship procedure
Deck cargo
A large variety of goods, because of their inherent properties (length, height, weight, etc.) may be carried
on deck. "On deck" means an uncovered space and includes deck houses having doors which can be
continuously open (except in heavy weather). Deck houses and mast houses may be considered suitable for
either on or under deck stowage, depending on their structure and closing arrangements.
Deck cargo
Bills of lading for cargo carried on deck must be claused accordingly and suitable provision made for the
securing of the cargo. It is prudent for the Master to check the bill of lading to establish under which cargo
convention the goods are being carried.
Goods often carried on deck include: Dangerous Goods (e.g. compressed gases, flammable liquids,
substances giving off inflammable vapours, corrosive substances) for which on deck stowage is prescribed
in the IMDG Code; heavy logs, sleepers, props, sawn timber exceeding that which can be stowed under
deck as per charter-party ; long structural steel and other forms of steel,
heavy bridge girders or sections, pipes; heavy unpacked machinery and vehicles, boilers and pontoons;
crated machinery; small vessels; etc.
When planning a deck cargo the following points need consideration:
- a. the weight of individual pieces and the total weight of the cargo, its location and distribution
on the deck;
- b. the strength of the deck (by reference to the point loading or maximum permissible weight
expressed in tonnes per square metre from the ship's plans) and consequent consideration of the
necessity for any underdeck shoring;
- c. the stability of the ship at the time of loading or discharging a particular heavy lift.
While deck cargo is usually carried at shipper's risk, liability for loss or damage may rest with the ship
in certain circumstances, e.g. if due diligence and practical measures are not observed in securing and
preserving the cargo or the stowage is negligent or improper, such as by overstowing weak packages with
heavier goods.
Precautions
Dangerous Goods carried on deck must comply with the IMDG Code in all respects and the packaging
should not exceed a size or weight that can be conveniently handled should the necessity arise to jettison that
cargo. Containers laden with Dangerous Goods that are particularly sensitive and could require jettisoning
in extreme circumstances, should be stowed at deck level so that access to them is clear and doors or other
fastenings can be opened readily.
Deck cargo must be stowed so that it does not obstruct access to the steering gear, life saving or fire fighting
equipment, sounding pipes, pilot ladder access, etc. Additionally, properly constructed and protected means
of access for safe movement about the ship must be provided for the crew over or through deck cargo.
Securing
Additional ring bolts and eye plates may be necessary to facilitate the securing of deck cargo and they
should be welded to the deck, bulwarks, coamings or hatch cover and closely spaced. Chocks or beds on
which packages are to rest should be positioned over beams. When particularly heavy items are carried on
deck they should, if possible, be placed so that the heavy part is over an underdeck bulkhead. If necessary,
deck beams should be given additional support by shores placed under the beams in the `tween deck.
Dunnage under heavy cargo should be of sufficient size and appropriate material to adequately distribute
the weight, and spread diagonally over the deck (at an angle of 45°) to avoid depressing deck plating
between frames.
Timber deck cargo
As laid down in SOLAS Chapter II-1, timber deck cargo is subject to the provisions of the IMO Code
of Safe Practice for Ships Carrying Timber Deck Cargoes, 1991, where timber is defined as lumber, cants
(logs which are ripped lengthwise resulting in thick pieces with two opposing, parallel flat sides), logs,
poles, pulpwood and other types of timber in loose or packaged form. It does not include wood pulp or
similar cargo. A timber deck cargo is defined as a cargo of timber which is carried on an uncovered part of
a freeboard or superstructure deck. Ships that comply with certain construction requirements set out in the
International Convention on Load Lines may have a timber load line assigned which may be used when the
cargo is stowed and secured in compliance with the Timber Deck Cargo Code.
Prior to loading a timber deck cargo, reference should be made to the Code which lays down specific
requirements for the stability of the ship, as well as the stowage and securing of the cargo. Requirements are
also given for the protection and safety of personnel, the actions to be taken during the voyage (including
action in case of listing, water ingress and taking an angle of loll), together with advice on stowage and
lashing for the different types of timber that may be loaded.
In addition to the precautions mentioned in the previous section, before loading timber on deck, hatch
covers and other openings must be securely closed and battened down, air pipes and ventilators protected
and examined to ensure that they are effective against the entry of water. Uprights and lashings should
normally be in place before loading begins. The Code specifies the maximum height and extent to which
the cargo may be loaded, together with the basic principle of constant supervision to ensure a solid stowage
is achieved at all stages of loading, thus providing for safe carriage.
Every lashing must pass over the deck cargo and be shackled to eyeplates attached to the deck stringer
plate or other strengthened points. The interval between lashings may vary with the particular cargo loaded.
If wire rope clips are used to make a wire eye, not less than four should be used at intervals of at least 15cm.
The saddle of the clip must be used on the live load part of the wire and the U-bolt on the shortened end
part. Rope clips should be tightened initially so that they visibly penetrate into the wire with subsequent
re-tightening after the lashing has been stressed.
Summarized below some more details on general cargo ship cargo handling procedure and operational info:
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Cargo handling procedure for general cargo ship
Suitable safety nets or temporary fencing should be rigged where personnel have to walk or climb across built-up cargo, and are therefore at
risk of falling .
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Various cargo handling techniques
(a) Technological advances in ship design and lifting equipment
(b) Rapid development and increase in the tonnages of bulk cargo
(c) The impact of unitisation, and
(d) The new and modern techniques of refrigeration, particularly with container
carriage.
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Cargo information rules
The MS (Carriage of Cargoes) Regulations 1999 (SI 1999/336) [Regulation 4(1)] specifies that the shipper must provide such information to the operator or master sufficiently
in advance of loading to enable them to ensure that:
• the different commodities to be carried are compatible with each other or suitably separated;.
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Cargo packaging - general cargo ships procedure
To achieve compatibility between cargo
owners and the owners of the means of
transport requires knowledge of the
cargo-handling procedures in transport.
These procedures are described with
reference to major characteristics of
commodities and cargoes. .
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Cargo stowage plan
The copies are forwarded to agents at ports of
discharge to allow the booking and reservation of labour, as appropriate. Relevant details of cargoes, i.e. total quantity, description of package, bales, pallets etc., tonnage, port of discharge,
identification marks and special features if and when separated .
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Shipment procedure for cargoes in different forms
General cargo is a term that covers a great variety of goods. In regard to modern
cargo handling it refers to loose cargo that has not been consolidated for handling
with mechanical means such as unitised or containerised cargo. It refers to individual
items of any type of cargo, bagged or baled items, cases or crates, individual drums or
barrels pieces of machinery or small items of steel construction. .
More .....
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Information exchange on cargo stowage and planning
Advance planning, exchange of information, and continuous ship to shore communication are all critical. All cargoes should be stowed and secured in a manner that will avoid exposing the ship and persons on board to unnecessary risk.
More .....
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Lifting and carriage of deck cargo
The safe securing of all deck cargoes should be checked by a
competent person before the vessel proceeds on passage. The master is
responsible for ensuring that it is correctly stowed and adequately secured
for the intended voyage. Areas on the deck which are not to be used for
cargo stowage should be clearly marked or otherwise indicated. .
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Safe use of pesticides on board cargo ships
Ship's personnel should not handle fumigants and such operations
should be carried out only by qualified operators. Fumigation should only be
carried out with the agreement of the ship's master..
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Types of packaging & stowage methods for break bulk cargo
The rigging time being negligible, and the crane is able to pick up and land permitted loads anywhere within its working radius. .
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Various commodities carried by general cargo ships
Cargoes should be stowed and secured in a manner that will
avoid exposing the ship and persons on board to unnecessary risk. The safe
stowage and securing of cargo depends upon proper planning, execution
and supervision by properly qualified and experienced personnel. .
More .....
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Methods of ventilation
The holds of most dry cargo ships are ventilated by a mechanical supply and natural exhaust system
.
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Carriage of containers on cargo ships
The process of loading and securing
of goods into a container should follow the IMO/ILO/UN/ECE Guidelines
for Packing of Cargo Transport Units (CTUs). Special care should be taken
when lifting a container the centre of gravity of which is mobile, e.g. a tank
container, bulk container or a container with contents which are hanging..
More .....
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Working in cargo spaces safely
Safety arrangements prior to working cargo should ensure that
adequate and suitable lifting plant is available, in accordance with the register
of lifting appliances and cargo gear, .
More .....
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Cargo handling procedure for general cargo ship
Suitable safety nets or temporary fencing should be rigged where personnel have to walk or climb across built-up cargo, and are therefore at
risk of falling .
More .....
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