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Cargo packaging - general cargo ships procedure
The two principle challenges
facing shippers are to satisfy
both the customer and the
shipper. The customer requires
a secure and reliable method of carriage
whilst the shipper requires that the space
on his vehicle of carriage is fully utilised
in order to receive maximum freight.
To achieve compatibility between cargo
owners and the owners of the means of
transport requires knowledge of the
cargo-handling procedures in transport.
These procedures are described with
reference to major characteristics of
commodities and cargoes.
The methods of cargo carriage and packaging must be considered at the very outset
of the shipping process.
The size and quality of packages must be compatible with the
transport technology contemplated, e.g. utilisation of containers depends on
positioning packages to avoid empty space. Hence, the considered transformation of
commodity to cargo carries significant commercial, operational and economic impact.
Space with a container is not just loss of revenue but poses the danger of goods
shifting during transit and so sustaining damage.
Basically, packaging performs the following three basic functions, which we may call
the three P’s of packaging, namely: protection, preservation and presentation.
A package should protect and preserve the contents during storage and transit
from the harvesting (for agricultural products), manufacturing (for manufactured
goods) or mining (for ore or other mineral products), to the consuming centre.
Protection is required not only against loss, damage and pilferage, but also,
depending on the nature of the contents, against moisture entering or leaving the
package, high or low temperatures, light, gases, insect infestation, contamination
and other natural hazards.
The dry cargoes embrace raw materials,
semi-finished or finished goods. They do not
require the same containment as gases and
liquids.
The number of dry cargo types is
almost endless. The type of commodity, the
level of finishing, and the transport method
will determine the need for packaging and
storage requirements. Detailed
recommendations of methods of cargo
carriage, cargo handling, and transport
requirements for various types of goods are
found in many literatures.
Storage requirements will tend to determine
the choice of transport method. Some
commodities have to be kept frozen (e.g.
meat) while others need refrigeration (e.g.
fruit). Flowers need to reach the customers
quickly, while other cargoes need adequate ventilation to avoid combustion (e.g. grain,
coal and copra).
The shipper must choose a transport method which secures proper
storage and speed of delivery. There are several international conventions as well as
common practices shipowners will have to follow to secure proper handling of
different cargoes onboard a ships.
Loading of dry bulk cargo at dedicated
bulk terminal :
Packaging will also have to be considered relative to the transport method chosen.
Some raw materials, like ores, need not be packaged at all. If finished goods are
moved in containers, the packaging required is much less than if the goods are
transported in individual cases.
Summarized below some more details on general cargo ship cargo handling procedure and operational info:
Cargo handling procedure for heavy indivisible loads
Heavy indivisible loads may be defined as those which, because of their mass and/or shape cannot be
handled by the normal gear available on board ship or on the quay alongside.
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- Livestock handling brief procedure
The transport of animals is subject to legislation in many countries. Where risk of disease may exist this
legislation is rigorously enforced. In most cases the legislation not only covers the importation of animals,
but also the transit of animals, through a port.
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- Unitised cargo handling technics for general cargo ship
A grouping together of two or more items (usually of a homogeneous nature) and securing them with
banding, glue, shrinkwrap, slings (e.g. clover leaf), to form a unit which, .
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- Bagged Cargo handling procedure for general cargo ship
Bagged commodities need to be sufficiently robust to withstand external pressure and compression, as
the bag is designed to contain the contents rather than provide any substantial protection against external
damage. .
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- Bales & bundles handling procedure for general cargo ship
Most baled commodities are impervious to damage from
rolling or dropping from limited heights. However, it can be dangerous to drop bales of rubber due to their
ability to bounce in any direction..
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- Cases,Crates,Cartons, Drums,Barrels,Casks, etc.Handling technics
Cases and crates are usually constructed of plywood or thin low grade timber. Heavier cases may be built
up of 150mm×5mm (6×1) planks with strengthening pieces internally and externally while some are
built in a skeletal fashion to allow air to permeate through the contents and/or to reduce the weight. .
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- DG Cargo handling procedure for general cargo ship
The IMDG Code recognises nine broad classes of Dangerous Goods. For the correct classification and
labelling of Dangerous Goods reference should be made to the IMDG Code. .
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- Methods of ventilation used in general cargo ships
Ventilation of cargo may be necessary to remove heat, dissipate gas, help prevent condensation and/or
remove taint. Heat may be generated by live fruit, wet hides, vermin, and commodities liable to spontaneous
combustion .
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- Methods of stowage used in general cargo ships
The stowage factor of any cargo is the volume which a certain amount in weight of
that cargo occupies. It is usually measures in cubic feet per long ton or alternatively in
cubic metres per metric ton. If the stowage factor is 20, it indicates a heavy cargo. If it
is 100, it indicates that the cargo is light.
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- Special cargo handling in general cargo ships
Ventilation of cargo may be necessary to remove heat, dissipate gas, help prevent condensation and/or
remove taint. Heat may be generated by live fruit, wet hides, vermin, and commodities liable to spontaneous
combustion .
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- Intermediate Bulk Containers ( I.B.C.)handling technics - general cargo ship procedure
An I.B.C. is a disposable or re-usable container designed for the carriage of bulk commodities in
parcels of between 0.5 and 3.0 tonnes.
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- Dunnage requirement for general cargo ships
The traditional reasons for the use of dunnage have been largely superseded with the introduction of
containers and general cargo ships with shallower decks and holds.
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- Methods of refrigeration used in general cargo ships
Refrigeration is essentially the removal of heat through
the process of evaporation. We choose to refrigerate
commodities such as fruits and vegetables because we
want to prolong their “practical shelf life” – the time from
harvest until the product loses its commercial value.
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- Deck Cargo handling procedure for general cargo ship
A large variety of goods, because of their inherent properties (length, height, weight, etc.) may be carried
on deck. "On deck" means an uncovered space and includes deck houses having doors which can be
continuously open (except in heavy weather)..
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