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Bales and Bundles cargo handling handling various considerations
Materials
Hessian or a similar strong material usually constitutes the outer cladding although plastic, paper, woven
man-made fibres and waste from the contents of the bale are also common. For more valuable goods a
second and third cover may be included. Close woven polypropylene has a non-absorbent water resistant
quality which is particularly suitable for some commodities. Some bales, e.g. straw, hay, etc., have no
covering whatsoever.
Bales
Commodities
Commodities that are baled include wool, cotton, vegetable fibre (e.g. jute, kapok, abaca), paper pulp,
tobacco, skins, furs, rubber, hair, cloth, etc.
Characteristics
Sizes of bales vary greatly with some commodities (e.g. wool and abaca) compressed into high density
bales. It is important not to rupture a covering, break the binding material of, or allow ingress of moisture
to a high density bale as the resultant expansion of the commodity can make discharge extremely difficult
and in a container may distort or rupture the side walls.
Bales may also vary quite considerably in shape. Some may be square, (e.g. wool, unless double dumped
when the shape becomes oblong), cylindrical or completely shapeless. Many bales are now designed as
modules to fit the interior of an ISO container.
Handling
While hand hooks are acceptable for raw cotton, wool, etc., they must not be used with high quality
goods such as skins, furs, cotton piece goods, etc. Most baled commodities are impervious to damage from
rolling or dropping from limited heights. However, it can be dangerous to drop bales of rubber due to their
ability to bounce in any direction. Metal or other banding is commonly used to hold the bale in compression
and should never be used as a lifting point, unless marks or labels indicate to the contrary.
Stowage
Being particularly vulnerable to chafe, bales should be well protected by matting and dunnage from
sharp edges and other cargo which may cause damage. They should not be stowed with dusty or dirty cargo
which will mark or stain the covers. Bales with torn or stained covers should be rejected, or the bill of lading
claused accordingly. Particular attention should be paid to baled cotton .
Summarized below some more details on general cargo ship cargo handling procedure and operational info:
-
Cargo handling procedure for heavy indivisible loads
Heavy indivisible loads may be defined as those which, because of their mass and/or shape cannot be
handled by the normal gear available on board ship or on the quay alongside.
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- Livestock handling brief procedure
The transport of animals is subject to legislation in many countries. Where risk of disease may exist this
legislation is rigorously enforced. In most cases the legislation not only covers the importation of animals,
but also the transit of animals, through a port.
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- Unitised cargo handling technics for general cargo ship
A grouping together of two or more items (usually of a homogeneous nature) and securing them with
banding, glue, shrinkwrap, slings (e.g. clover leaf), to form a unit which, .
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- Bagged Cargo handling procedure for general cargo ship
Bagged commodities need to be sufficiently robust to withstand external pressure and compression, as
the bag is designed to contain the contents rather than provide any substantial protection against external
damage. .
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- Bales & bundles handling procedure for general cargo ship
Most baled commodities are impervious to damage from
rolling or dropping from limited heights. However, it can be dangerous to drop bales of rubber due to their
ability to bounce in any direction..
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- Cases,Crates,Cartons, Drums,Barrels,Casks, etc.Handling technics
Cases and crates are usually constructed of plywood or thin low grade timber. Heavier cases may be built
up of 150mm×5mm (6×1) planks with strengthening pieces internally and externally while some are
built in a skeletal fashion to allow air to permeate through the contents and/or to reduce the weight. .
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- DG Cargo handling procedure for general cargo ship
The IMDG Code recognises nine broad classes of Dangerous Goods. For the correct classification and
labelling of Dangerous Goods reference should be made to the IMDG Code. .
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- Methods of ventilation used in general cargo ships
Ventilation of cargo may be necessary to remove heat, dissipate gas, help prevent condensation and/or
remove taint. Heat may be generated by live fruit, wet hides, vermin, and commodities liable to spontaneous
combustion .
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- Methods of stowage used in general cargo ships
The stowage factor of any cargo is the volume which a certain amount in weight of
that cargo occupies. It is usually measures in cubic feet per long ton or alternatively in
cubic metres per metric ton. If the stowage factor is 20, it indicates a heavy cargo. If it
is 100, it indicates that the cargo is light.
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- Special cargo handling in general cargo ships
Ventilation of cargo may be necessary to remove heat, dissipate gas, help prevent condensation and/or
remove taint. Heat may be generated by live fruit, wet hides, vermin, and commodities liable to spontaneous
combustion .
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- Intermediate Bulk Containers ( I.B.C.)handling technics - general cargo ship procedure
An I.B.C. is a disposable or re-usable container designed for the carriage of bulk commodities in
parcels of between 0.5 and 3.0 tonnes.
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- Dunnage requirement for general cargo ships
The traditional reasons for the use of dunnage have been largely superseded with the introduction of
containers and general cargo ships with shallower decks and holds.
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- Methods of refrigeration used in general cargo ships
Refrigeration is essentially the removal of heat through
the process of evaporation. We choose to refrigerate
commodities such as fruits and vegetables because we
want to prolong their “practical shelf life” – the time from
harvest until the product loses its commercial value.
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- Deck Cargo handling procedure for general cargo ship
A large variety of goods, because of their inherent properties (length, height, weight, etc.) may be carried
on deck. "On deck" means an uncovered space and includes deck houses having doors which can be
continuously open (except in heavy weather)..
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Safe use of pesticides on board cargo ships
Ship's personnel should not handle fumigants and such operations
should be carried out only by qualified operators. Fumigation should only be
carried out with the agreement of the ship's master..
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Various commodities carried by general cargo ships
Cargoes should be stowed and secured in a manner that will
avoid exposing the ship and persons on board to unnecessary risk. The safe
stowage and securing of cargo depends upon proper planning, execution
and supervision by properly qualified and experienced personnel. .
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-
Methods of ventilation
The holds of most dry cargo ships are ventilated by a mechanical supply and natural exhaust system
.
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-
Carriage of containers on cargo ships
The process of loading and securing
of goods into a container should follow the IMO/ILO/UN/ECE Guidelines
for Packing of Cargo Transport Units (CTUs). Special care should be taken
when lifting a container the centre of gravity of which is mobile, e.g. a tank
container, bulk container or a container with contents which are hanging..
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