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Packing a container recommended method
Packing a container should always be done on level plane either on the ground,
on a railcar, or on a trailer. In the case of a trailer, care should be taken to ensure the
trailer cannot tip whilst being packed especially if a forklift truck is being used. If
necessary the trailer should be propped. Brakes should be securely applied and wheels
choked.
Stowage should be planned before packing is commenced. This should make it
possible to produce either a tight or a secured stow, in which the compatibility of all
items of cargo and the nature i.e. Type and strength of any packages or packaging
involved are taken into account. The possibility of cross-contamination by odour or
dust as well as physical or chemical compatibility should be considered.
The planned load should not weight more than the payload of the container
which is marked upon it. This ensures that the permitted maximum gross weight of
the container on the CSC Safety Approval Plate (which includes the payload) will
never be exceeded.
Notwithstanding the load limitations on a container mentioned above, any limitation
along the projected route that may be dictated by regulations or other circumstances
(such as lifting and handling equipment or road restrictions on height and weight)
should be complied with. Such limit may be considerably less that the permitted gross
weight already referred to. In case of doubt, the container operator should be
consulted.
Stowage planning should take account of the fact that containers are generally
designed assuming the load to be evenly distributed over the entire floor area. Where
substantial deviations from uniform packing could occur, specialist advice should be
sought.
When a heavy indivisible load is to be shipped in a container or vehicle, due regard
should be given to the localised weight bearing capability of the container. If necessary,
the weight should be spread over a larger area than the actual bearing surface of the
load, for example, by use of timber bulks.
In such a case the method of securing the load should be planned before packing
occurs and any necessary preparations made.
If the planned load of an open-topped or open-sided container is to project beyond
the container overall dimensions, special arrangements should be made.
When heavy cargo is to be shipped, if it is impracticable to place the centre of gravity
in or near the centre of the horizontal plane of the container, or if it will be above the
half height, the container operator should be consulted.
When planning the packing of a container, consideration should be given to potential
problems which may be created for those who will unpack it.
Packing and Securing
It is essential to make the cargo in a container or vehicle secure against any reasonably
foreseeable movement. At the same time, the method of securing the cargo should
not itself cause damage or deterioration either to the cargo or the container or vehicle.
Where goods of regular shape and size are concerned, a tight stow from wall to wall
should be sought. However, in many instances some void spaces will occur. These
can be tolerated if security is obtained by the frictional effect between adjacent
packages. If there is an insufficient frictional effect, or if the spaces between the
packages are tool large, then the stow should be completed by using dunnage, folded
cardboard, air bags or other suitable means.
If airbags are used, the manufacturer's instructions as to filling pressure should be
scrupulously observed. Allowance should be made for the possibility of a considerable
rise in the internal temperature of the container above the temperature at the time of
packing which might cause the bags to expand and burst, thereby making them
ineffectual as a means of securing the cargo. Air bags should be not be used as a
means of filing space at the doorway unless precautions are taken to ensure that they
cannot cause the door to open violently when the locking bars are released.
The cargo weight should be evenly distributed over the floor of a container or vehicle.
Where cargo items of a varying weight are to be packed into a container or vehicle or
where a container or vehicle will not be full (either because of insufficient cargo or
because the maximum weight allowed will be reached before the container or vehicle
is full), the stow should be so arranged and secured that the approximate centre of the
weight of the cargo is close to the mid-length of the container or vehicle. In no case
should more than 60 per cent of the load be concentrated in less than half of the
length of a container measured from one end.
Heavy goods should not be placed on top of lighter goods and liquids should not be
placed on top of solids. The centre of gravity should be below the half height of a
container.
In order to avoid cargo damage from moisture, wet cargoes, moisture inherent
cargoes or cargoes liable to leak should not be packed with goods susceptible to
damage by moisture. Wet dunnage, pallets or packaging should not be used. In
certain cases, damage to equipment and cargo can be prevented by the use of
protective material such as polythene sheeting.
Damaged packages should not be packed into container or vehicle unless precautions
have been taken against harm from spillage or leakage.
Permanent securing equipment incorporated in the design of a container should be
used wherever necessary to prevent cargo movement.
Where open-sided vehicles are concerned, particular care should be taken to secure
cargo the forces likely to arise from the rolling of the ship. In order words, a check
should be made to ensure that all side battens are fitted or other adequate precautions
are taken.
Special packing instructions shown on packages or otherwise available, should be
followed. E.g.:
Goods marked "protect from frost" should be packed away from the walls of
a container;
Goods marked "this way up" should be packed accordingly.
On completion of packing a container
During the final stages of packing a container, care should be taken, so far as
practicable, to build a secure face of the cargo so as to prevent "fall out" when the
doors are opened. Where there is any doubt as to the security of the cargo, further
steps should be taken to ensure security by weaving strapping between securing points
or placing timber between the rear posts. Two factors should be borne in mind:
that a container on a trailer usually inclines towards the door;
that a cargo may move against the doors due to jolts etc. during the transit.
If a container is destined for a country with wood treatment quarantine regulations,
care should be taken that all wood in the container, packaging and cargo complies
with the regulations. It is useful to place a copy of the wood treatment certificate in a
conspicuous place in the container.
After closing the doors, ensure that all closures are properly engaged and secure.
Usually a seal should be applied. Care should be taken that sealing procedures are
carried out properly and transport documents/receipts bear the correct seal number
before the container leaves the premise.
When a container, or its contents, has been fumigated and is to be shipped under
fumigation, then a warning label should be placed on the outside of the doors so that
it is clearly visible to any person operating the doors.
The label should state the
method of fumigation employed and the date and time on which it took place.
As containers offered for shipment under fumigation may require special precautions,
they should only be accepted with the agreement of the carrier and they should be
identified to him prior to loading.
Other useful articles :
- Assigning loadlines marks
Loadlines are marks punched into and painted on the sides of general cargo ships.The assigning of the vessels loadline and the issue of the Certificate is the
responsibility of the Marine Authority of the country. .
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Cargo ships Loaded Condition
closely monitor the ship's condition during cargo
operations to ensure that if a significant deviation from the agreed loading/unloading
plan is detected all cargo and ballast operations must STOP..
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Packing a container recommended method
Packing a container should always be done on level plane either on the ground,on a railcar, or on a trailer. In the case of a trailer, care should be taken to ensure the trailer cannot tip whilst being packed especially if a forklift truck is being used. If necessary the trailer should be propped. Brakes should be securely applied and wheels choked.
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- Packing principles relating to cargo in containers
Where relevant, stowing should be carried out in a sequence which will permit
rapid checking and storage operations during and after unloading. Should the
consignment include cargo subject to customs pre-entry procedures, customs
examination would be made easier and unloading avoided if the cargo were
stowed at the end of the container by the door.
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- Container Securing guidance
Containers have very little strength in any direction other than vertically
through the corner posts thus it is necessary to provide substantial support
to the containers when they are on the ship. Stowage of containers is with
their longer dimension fore and aft since the ship motion transmitted to
cargo is greater in rolling than pitching and it is therefore prudent to limit
any possible cargo movement within the container to the shorter transverse
dimension.
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- Trim and stability booklet for cargo ships
Contain either curves of form or hydrostatic tables and stability and trim characteristics for various conditions of loading
.
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- Broken stowage? Cargo ships guideline
The access shall be separate from the hatchway opening, and shall be by a stairway if possible. A fixed ladder, or a line of fixed rungs, shall have no point where they fill a reverse slope
.
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Ship type, design and facilities for cargo
Cargo gear is designed for speed and flexibility for handling breakbulk, palletized, or container cargo. Various combinations of derricks,
winches, and deck cranes are used for the handling of cargo. Cranes are fitted on many vessels to reduce manpower requirements. Some ships
have special heavy-lift derricks that may serve one or more holds. Booms are rigged for either yard and stay (burton) or swinging-boom
operation.
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- Cargo ships structural plans- how to use them
Structural plans, sometimes called scantlings plans, show dimensions of the ships framing and plating. The midships section drawing, generally available for all ships
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