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Choice of packaging for various commodities - general cargo ships guidelines
Guidelines on the choice of packaging
Packaging perform the following three basic functions, which
we may call the three P’s of packaging, namely: protection, preservation and
presentation.
Some broad guidelines to be followed in the choice
of packaging technique include the considerations
which follow.
Goods should be well stowed within the package,
evenly distributed and properly secured. Items
completely filling the case or carton contribute to
the strength of the whole package. Items which do
not completely fill the package must be cushioned
against shock or vibration.
There must be adequate internal bracing or securing using
battens (bars of wood) or dunnage (mats, wood shavings, etc.).
Where the consignment consists of a number of small packages, it is preferable to
consolidate them into one load by strapping and securing them to a wooden pallet
base (a portable platform for storing loads).
The assembly of cargo into the largest
practical unit consistent with the handling, weight and dimension requirements
reduces the danger of theft to a minimum. There is also the advantage of reduced
handling stresses, as larger units require the use of mechanical handling equipment
rather than crude manual techniques.
Pallet packing is quite suitable for goods carried in containers although they may also
be carried by conventional methods. In this case, however, there is the risk of
breakage during transfer, or on forwarding and handling operations.
In selecting the appropriate type of package, account should be taken of the
probability of cargo being "overstowed" by other packages in warehouses and cargo
holds.
Appropriate strapping and banding techniques should be used for all packages.
The regulations of the destination country as well as those of any transit countries
should be checked in order to ensure that they do not prohibit certain types of
packing material, particularly material which is harmful to the environment.
The re-use of second-hand cartons or cases should be avoided as they are more liable
to collapse or and may invite pilferage (stealing in small quantities) if the contents
become exposed.
To improve the handling of bigger volumes of cargo, the design of the package
should match the dimensions of the product so as to save packaging and freight costs.
From the shipper's point of view, it is desirable that the following considerations
should be borne in mind in order to minimize the cost of freight:
in respect of measurement of the cargo, the package should be of minimum
dimension;
there should be optimum utilization of space within the package; and
goods attracting different freight rates should not be packed together in one
package, in case the carrier charges freight for the whole package at the rate
applicable to the highest-rated commodity.
It is essential that waterproof wrapping for the contents and waterproof lining for
packages should be provided, particularly when the packages are likely to remain in an
unprotected area, such as the customs area.
Over-packaging in the name of protective
packaging should be avoided, in order to make
optimum use of the carrying capacity. This is
particularly important in air transport where
packages are consolidated into pallets, igloos
or containers.
Powdered or granular material should be packed
preferably in flexible multiwall bags which are
adapted to the requirements of the material,
taking into account its chemical and physical
characteristics.
In the case of pressed bales (canvas packages of merchandise), it is advisable to use an
inner wrap of waterproof paper below an outer or primary cover of fiberboard
material, over which heavy jute or a similar cover can be provided before strapping.
In designing or choosing a suitable package, it may be useful to consult, wherever
possible, the consignee and obtain reports from his end about the packaging of
specific products moving on specific routes. It would also be advisable to ascertain
from consignees to what extent handling gear, port equipment, etc., are available at
the port of destination, what inland transportation facilities are available and if the
goods have to be moved to inland centres.
In export packing, consideration should be given to the "presentation" aspect of the
package: the design; colour, embellishment of the packages, which could produce a
favourable reaction in the export market and improve the competitiveness of the
product.
Information required for packaging
The type of packaging required depends on the:
Nature and type of goods
Volume
Weight
Number of packages
Types of packages
Mode of transport
Final destination
Other useful articles :
- Methods of refrigeration
Refrigeration is essentially the removal of heat through
the process of evaporation. We choose to refrigerate
commodities such as fruits and vegetables because we
want to prolong their “practical shelf life” – the time from
harvest until the product loses its commercial value.
More .....
-
Reefer cargo stuffing
it is essential that all products are treated correctly prior
to stuffing. Even though the temperature, ventilation and
humidity are all optimal during the entire voyage, products
will only arrive in perfect condition if the pre-treatment has
been performed correctly. Successful shipping begins at the
product sourcing area.
More .....
-
Growing demand for container refrigeration
On deck refrigerated containers are generally serviced by clip-on air cooled electric motor drive cooling units. The units are plugged into the
ships electrical system by way of suitable deck sockets.
More .....
-
Frozen products packaging requirement
Proper packaging procedures will help protect frozen cargo
during transport. Frozen products do not require air holes in
the top and bottom of the cartons. Air flowing around the load
is sufficient to remove heat that has penetrated the container.
The cartons should be stacked directly on top of each other to
take advantage of their strength in the corners.
More .....
- Packaging & stowage guideline for reefer cargo
Packaging plays an important role when it comes to protecting the cargo. The packaging material must be able
to support a stacking height of up to 2.4 metres (7’10’’).
The material should be able to withstand humidity without
collapsing, and should allow the passage of an adequate
vertical airflow through the cartons in order to maintain the
desired temperature..
More .....
- Choice of packaging for various commodities
Goods should be well stowed within the package,
evenly distributed and properly secured. Items
completely filling the case or carton contribute to
the strength of the whole package. Items which do
not completely fill the package must be cushioned
against shock or vibration.
More .....
- How to keep cargo fresh ?
Proper ventilation of fresh, chilled products is necessary to
remove the heat, carbon dioxide and other gases produced
by the cargo. Heat is removed by continuously circulating
the internal air, whereas carbon dioxide and other gases are
removed by replacing the internal air supply with cooled
fresh air..
More .....
- Loading precautions for refrigerated cargoes
Refrigerated cargoes include meat carcases, carton (packed) meat, fruit, cheese, butter, fish and offal. Ships are specifically designed for their carriage, with separate spaces in holds and ’tween decks, each fitted with suitable insulation and individual control of ventilation. Ordinary general cargoes may be carried in the spaces at other times, the temperature being regulated accordingly for the type of cargo being carried.
More .....
- Role classification societies maintaining seaworthiness of vessels
classification societies publish rules and regulations which are principally concerned with the strength of the ship, the provision of adequate equipment, and the reliability of the machinery .
More .....
- Periodic survey requirement by classification societies
To maintain the assigned class all steel ships are required to be surveyed and examined by the Society’s
surveyors at regular periods.
The major hull items to be examined at these surveys only are discussed
here..
More .....
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